INTRODUCTION:

Education is the most important and a weapon introduced by the man for making a good social wellbeing and prepares the people towards a better life. Education becomes a mandatory factory in day to day life. Education helps the man to become a man perfect in all the aspects. The need for education raised after the independence of India from the britishers. Due to the financial problems after the independence both the state and central governments was unable to proceed the vision of higher education (Akulukjuk, 2008). The higher growth requires higher cost which the governments was not able to carry forward. After the continuous discussions the individuals and other organizations decide to establish colleges and deemed universities.

Privatization term was evolved in 20^th century at the end of 1960’s. The privatization was used by Peter F. Drucker in his book named “the age of discontinuity”. Today after the evolution of privatization India has reached to all over the world in respect of higher education. Privatization can be defined as the step in which the private organizations and individuals actively participate in the educational activities (Desjardins, 2015). Privatization doesn’t mean that transfer of ownership from public to private. Privatization means education sector liberalization, educational services on contractual basis and so on.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

(Lubienski, 2006) highlights that the privatization is the major reform that has happened in all the sectors across the globe. Privatization helps in creating a private control over all the sectors which helps in immediate growth over the sectors. Privatization creates a growth in education sector with greater impact. Researcher points out the marketization and privatization of education. Private and market authority runs the education systems. Education sector has been affected by profit motives, competitive environments. The discussion states that the privatization created a sector of individualism that crates both growth and decline in the sector.

(Abrol, 2016) privatization has led to the individual and the society to establish the school, colleges, universities and other education firms that are required for the increasing demand for the education. Researcher states that the privatization ensures quality and standardized education system. Privatization provides better infrastructure facilities amenities to all the students. (JACOB and NIRMAL K, 2014) elucidates the importance of education. Researcher also says that the privatization leads to the fraudulent activities which means that the education sector will become the market oriented or the business-oriented sector. In this research the researcher proposes the crisis and issues related to the privatization of education in India. So from the previous literatures we can see that there are some controversies that are needed to be rectified in relation with privatization of education sector. This research mainly focuses on the factors that are related to significance of privatization in the education sector.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

· To identity the factors that are related to the privatization in the education sector.

· To highlight the suggestions whether the privatization is required or not required for the education sector.

DATA AND METHODOLOGY:

The Participants:

To achieve the objectives of the study, a convenience sampling survey is used employing a self-administered questionnaire. The samples selected consist of PhD research scholars of CHRIST (Deemed to be University). The responses are gathered from 45 scholars. The table exhibits the demographic data of the participants in terms of gender, age group and level of education. The below table shows that more than half of the participants are females (73.3%). Majority of the survey participants belongs to the age group of 21 to 40 years (86.7%). It has been found out that the most of the respondent’s education levels belongs to PG (80%).

Table 1 Demographic data of the participants

		Frequency	Percent
Gender	Male	12	26.7
Gender	Female	33	73.3
Age Group	21 to 40 years	39	86.7
Age Group	41 to 60 years	49	13.3
Level of Education	PG	36	80
Level of Education	Professional	9	20

Procedures Adopted:

A questionnaire is designed to gather the relevant data from the population of the study which is the PhD scholars of CHRIST (Deemed to be University). A number of factors related to privatization in the educational sector was identified from the literature and are used to prepare the questionnaire. These factors were grouped into different categories those related to competition, commercialization, fees hike, Professional and technical courses, Reduced quality, reforms, techniques and pedagogies, Placement, social transformation, dynamic policies, employment opportunities, agents. Though the factors identified vary from study to study, they possess some common patterns based on which they are categorized. The list of these factors as presented in Table is used as the basis for designing the questionnaire. The fundamental of the designed questionnaire was five point Likert scale statements relating to the various aspects of Privatization, for which each participant is asked to express his/her view about their significance as factors contributing to Privatization in the educational sector.

Table 2 Factors

Categories	Variables
Competition	Privatization has increased competition among Educational institutions
Commercialization	Privatization has led to Commercialization of Education
Fees Hike	Privatization of Education has resulted in fees hike
Professional and Technical Courses	Professional and Technical Courses are increasing due to Privatization
Reduced Quality	Globalization and Privatization has increased the number of students but reduced the quality
Reform	There is a need to reform existing state and central universities to compete with private universities
Techniques and pedagogies	Latest techniques and pedagogies adopted by the Private universities are found useful
Placements	Private universities will be able to provide good placements to students
Social Transformation	Transformation of Education have solved the social issues
Dynamic	Should education policies be dynamic
Employment opportunities	New courses started by the private universities have led to the increase in employment opportunities
Agents	Due to Privatization of Education system lecturers are becoming agents to the system rather than educationalist.

ANALYSIS OF THE DATA:

The data was imported to IBM SPSS for the purpose of analysis. The data is cleaned for missing values and the questionnaire with incomplete responses were removed from the analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the demographic factors to understand the basic nature of the sample considered for the study. Descriptive Statistics was carried out to identify the factors that are considered to identify the significance of Privatization in the educational sector by the PhD scholars of CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This study intends to identify the critical success factors of User Interface on purchase intentions among the online users. It adds to the limited literature based on the effectiveness of Privatization in the educational sector.

Increased Competition among the educational Institutions

Table 3

		Frequency	Percent
Valid	Neutral	5	11.1
	Agree	24	53.3
	Strongly Agree	16	35.6
	Total	45	100.0

From the table 3 it has been clearly found that majority of the respondents by 53.3% agree that there is an increased competition among the educational institutions. The increased competition might lead to decline in the growth of the educational sector. So, points out that competition should be healthy which can improve the educational sector.

Commercialization of education

Table 4

		Frequency	Percent
Valid	Disagree	1	2.2
	Neutral	4	8.9
	Agree	14	31.1
	Strongly Agree	26	57.8
	Total	45	100.0

From the table 4 it has been clearly found that majority of the respondents by 57.8% strongly agree that due to privatization educational sector become commercialized. The educational sector is running only for the business purpose. So, it points out that educational sector should also be focused on the development of each and every individual.

RESULTED IN FEES HIKE

Table 5

		Frequency	Percent
Valid	Strongly Disagree	1	2.2
	Disagree	1	2.2
	Neutral	3	6.7
	Agree	13	28.9
	Strongly Agree	27	60.0
	Total	45	100.0

From the table 5 it has been clearly found that out of the 45 respondents 27 respondents by 57.8% strongly agree that privatization resulted in the hike in fees towards the educational sector. The privatization should be focused on the growth of the society rather than increasing the fees.

Professional and technical courses growth

Table 6

		Frequency	Percent
Valid	Disagree	3	6.7
	Neutral	4	8.9
	Agree	20	44.4
	Strongly Agree	18	40.0
	Total	45	100.0

From the table 6 it has been clearly found that out of the 45 respondents 20 respondents by 44.4% agree that due to the privatization in the educational sector there was huge growth towards the professional and technical growth towards the educational sector which was considered to one of the major factor which has created a positive impact towards the educational sector.

Increased number of students but reduced quality

Table 7

		Frequency	Percent
Valid	Disagree	9	20.0
	Neutral	13	28.9
	Agree	6	13.3
	Strongly Agree	17	37.8
	Total	45	100.0

From the table 7 it has been clearly found that out of the 45 respondents 17 respondents by 37.8% Strongly agree that there was an increased number of students have turned up towards education due to the implementation privatization which has considered as the positive factor, but increased number of students reduced the quality of the educational sector to a larger extent. The quality should not be reduced with any factor quality should be increased by the factors.

Reforms requirement:

Table 8

		Frequency	Percent
Valid	Disagree	1	2.2
	Neutral	6	13.3
	Agree	13	28.9
	Strongly Agree	25	55.6
	Total	45	100.0

From the table 8 it has been clearly found that out of the 45 respondents 25 respondents by 55.6% Strongly agree that reforms should be required for the educational sector. Reforms helps in the growth of the education sector which can helps in providing better education to all individuals in a better manner.

Latest techniques and pedagogies adopted

Table 9:

		Frequency	Percent
Valid	Disagree	1	2.2
	Neutral	11	24.4
	Agree	27	60.0
	Strongly Agree	6	13.3
	Total	45	100.0

From the table 9 it has been clearly found that out of the 45 respondents 27 respondents by 60% agree that privatization helps in adopting the latest techniques and pedagogies which helps in huge growth in the educational sector. Privatization plays a key role in the adoption of those techniques.

Private universities provide placements

Table 10

		Frequency	Percent
Valid	Strongly Disagree	1	2.2
	Disagree	2	4.4
	Neutral	12	26.7
	Agree	24	53.3
	Strongly Agree	6	13.3
	Total	45	100.0

From the table 10 it has been clearly found that out of the 45 respondents 24 respondents by 53.3% agree that private universities provide more placements than compared to government universities. The privatization creates a positive impact in creating job opportunities to each student.

Transformation reduced social issues

Table 11

		Frequency	Percent
Valid	Strongly Disagree	3	6.7
	Disagree	9	20.0
	Neutral	14	31.1
	Agree	13	28.9
	Strongly Agree	6	13.3
	Total	45	100.0

From the table 11 it has been clearly found that out of the 45 respondents 14 respondents by 31.1% have neutral opinion about the social transformation. It means that the respondents are not much sure about the social transformation in related with privatization.

Dynamic education policy

Table 12

		Frequency	Percent
Valid	Disagree	2	4.4
	Neutral	4	8.9
	Agree	26	57.8
	Strongly Agree	13	28.9
	Total	45	100.0

From the table 12 it has been clearly found that out of the 45 respondents 26 respondents by 57.8% agree that education policy should be dynamic, so that the education policies can be changed or can be modified according to the given situations.

Increased employment opportunities

Table 13

		Frequency	Percent
Valid	Disagree	4	8.9
	Neutral	14	31.1
	Agree	23	51.1
	Strongly Agree	4	8.9
	Total	45	100.0

From the table 13 it has been clearly found that out of the 45 respondents 23 respondents by 51.1% agree that privatization helps in creating more employment opportunities to the individuals. Privatization helps in creating more jobs to the individuals.

Lecturers becoming agents

Table 14

		Frequency	Percent
Valid	Disagree	1	2.2
	Neutral	11	24.4
	Agree	21	46.7
	Strongly Agree	12	26.7
	Total	45	100.0

From the table 14 it has been clearly found that out of the 45 respondents 21 respondents by 46.7% agree that lectures are becoming agents to system rather than becoming educationalist.

DISCUSSIONS:

Privatization plays a key role in the educational sector. Role of privatization is very much required for the higher education for the country like India. It is the duty of the government to prepare the people to lead a better social life. Higher is one of the positive aspects of privatization in the society. From the respondent’s points of view privatization has a positive impact in the educational sector Adams andAdams, (1968). Privatization helps in creating more employment opportunities, teaches more professional and technical course, adoption of technology towards the leaning activities. Privatization helps in the systematic functioning of the educational sector which helps in developing the society towards the certain extent.

Privatization also has negative impact which in turn affects the educational sector negatively. Privatization increased the number of students towards education but the quality of education become very low, lecturers are acting as the agents to the system rather than becoming educationalist. Privatization led to the fees hike the education service which negatively affected the students who belongs to economically backward.

Privation should give more importance to the education rather focusing on the business motive. It helps in creating more impact to the society by creating more job opportunities and also develops the society as well.

CONCLUSIONS:

The role of privatization is to expand the education sector in the Indian society. Therefore, it is required that both state and central government should encourage privatization in positive manner which can lead the economic growth. Privatization helps each and every individuals towards a better future. Higher education provides individuals with opportunities and effectiveness in the area of excellence. The study contributes significantly to the existing literatures as it identifies the factors of privatization in the educational sector.

REFERENCES

1. Abrol, M. (2016). Emerging Trends of Privatization of Education in India. International Journal of Educational Administration, 1-6.

2. Adams, D., and Adams, J. (1968). Education and Social Development. Review of Educational Research, 38(3), 243-263. Retrieved January 22, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/1169396.

3. Agarwal, P. (2006). Higher education in India: The need for change (No. 180). Working paper.

4. Akulukjuk, T. (2008, Fall). Your education, my education, everybody's Education/Ilinniarniit, ilinniarnira, tamatta Ilinniarnivut/Votre éducation, mon éducation, l'éducation de tout le monde. Inuktitut, 56-63. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1039645350?accountid=38885

5. Brennan, J. (2008). Higher Education and Social Change. Higher Education, 56(3), 381-393. Retrieved January 22, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/40269082

6. Desjardins, R. (2015). The Precarious Role of Education in Identity and Value Formation Processes: the shift from state to market forces. European Journal of Education, 50(2), 134–146. doi: 10.1111/ejed.12114.

7. Jacob, D., and Nirmal K, S. (2014). Impact of privatization on education in India: An analysis. CLEAR International Journal of Research in Commerce and Management, 7-11.

8. Lubienski, C. (2006). School Choice and Privatization in Education: An Alternative Analytical Framework. Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, 1-27.

9. Wu, L., Yan, K., and Zhang, Y. (2020). Higher education expansion and inequality in educational opportunities in China. Higher Education. doi: 10.1007/s10734-020004982

Received on 25.06.2021 Modified on 28.07.2021

Asian Journal of Management. 2021;12(4):463-467.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5763.2021.00071